This post is my personal and opinionated assessment of some of the most significant developments related to software development in 2016. This is my tenth year for this annual post and my previous years' assessment are available for 2015, 2014, 2013, 2012, 2011, 2010, 2009, 2008, and 2007. As with these previous years' assessments, this assessment of 2016's major developments in software development are obviously biased, opinionated, and limited to my perspective.
10. Tumultuous Year for Java
Java and the JVM are used by a significant percentage of software developers worldwide. With the increasing adoption of Java 8 and the enthusiasm Java 8 has helped to reinvigorate among Java developers, Java SE and the JVM seem well positioned for the future. Unfortunately, Java EE faced more issues in 2016. 2016 saw the rise of the Java EE Guardians in response to a lack of news from Oracle regarding the future of Java EE. Oracle eventually did respond in advance of JavaOne 2016 with plans for Java EE 8 being more cloud and microservices oriented. Oracle has also stated that their survey of Java EE developers has shown that REST and HTTP/2 support are of prime importance.
Even Java SE did not survive 2016 unscathed. In this last month of 2016, an article appeared in The Register called Oracle finally targets Java non-payers - six years after plucking Sun stated, "Java SE can be free, although Java SE Advanced Desktop, Advanced and Suite are not. ... There's also no way to separate the paid-for Java SE component products from the free Java SE umbrella at download as Oracle doesn't offer separate installations – they're all bundled together and that leads to confusion and mistakes down the line when paid-for features are unexpectedly used." Several articles and posts have tried to add clarifying details, but all of these together do leave the impression that it's a licensing situation that is more difficult than it should be. Other posts on the subject include Java SE Offerings, The Sky Is Falling: Oracle (Might) Want Your Money for Java SE in 2017, and Java Champions response to The Register Article on Java SE usage.
See the post Goodbye 2016 (Hello 2017) for more details on Java in 2016. Another year-end discussion surrounding Java is available in the OverOps's blog post If You've Written Java Code in 2016 - Here Are the Trends You Couldn't Have Missed. Another OverOps's Takipi blog post on Java in 2016 is Java Community Oscars - The Top 10 Posts of 2016 (published since the publication of my post).
9. DevOps
Although the DevOps concept has been around for a while now, it's gained popularity with the "suits" (management) and the term is thrown around in all types of contexts. Software product vendors emphasize how their products continue to DevOps and software development requisitions and job listings are filled with references to experience with DevOps.
8. Angular 2
Angular 2 final was released in 2016 and was a significant re-write of the already popular Angular framework. The Angular 1 TO 2 Quick Reference documents "many conceptual and syntactical differences between Angular 1 and Angular 2." The article Angular 2 and TypeScript - A High Level Overview points out that Angular 2 was re-written in Microsoft's TypeScript language and that this is the "recommended language for developing applications using the [Angular] framework" (although Angular-based applications can also be written in JavaScript and Dart). There are many things to like about TypeScript, especially for those of us with more Java experience than JavaScript experience.
The Angular community also provided a react-native-renderer library in 2016 for using "Angular 2 and React Native to build applications for Android and iOS." There is also now a dedicated AngularDart team that supports the Dart implementation of Angular that is, as of 2016, separate from the TypeScript/JavaScript code base. Before this, the Angular 2 codebase was entirely TypeScript and was compiled to Dart.
Angular news in 2016 included the adoption of semantic versioning for releases and the releases of Angular 1.6.0, Angular 1.5.0, Angular 2.4.0, Angular 2.3.0, Angular 2.2.0, Angular 2.1.0, the final release of Angular 2 (2.0.0), and several Angular 2 release candidates (RC7, RC6, RC5, RC4, RC3, and RC2).
Angular continued to enjoy adoption and coverage in 2016 and it already looks like 2017 will be a big year for Angular with the announced release of Angular 4 (skipping an Angular 3).
7. Internet of Things (IoT)
The term "Internet of Things" (IoT) has been around for a while and even discussed in mainstream media for a while, but the concept seems to come up in many different technology-related articles and posts in 2016. Because the IoT concept is related to Big Data and Cloud Computing, it is not surprising that it becomes a more prevalent topic as those related topics become increasingly prevalent. The rise of IoT also brings with it significant new privacy and security risks while also bringing convenience to users.
The post IoT 2016 in review: The 8 most relevant IoT developments of the year talks about the increasing presence of consumer IoT with products such as Amazon Echo. This article also discusses the "biggest overall [IoT] story" of 2016: "IoT Security attack on Dyn servers," a story which is part of my reasoning for Software Security being the #1 story/development of 2016 for software developers.
The CRN slideshow The 10 Biggest Internet Of Things Stories Of 2016 states that "2016 was an even bigger year for IoT" and outlines their perspective on the biggest IoT stories on 2016. Their top story for the year is IoT Devices Compromised In DDoS Attack.
6. Microsoft and Open Source
The Linux Foundation's announcement in November that "Microsoft has joined the [Linux Foundation] [as] a Platinum member" would have been unfathomable a decade ago, but is less surprising in 2016 given Microsoft's open source contributions that include Ubuntu on Windows 10, PowerShell (Linux and Macs), Xamarin SDK, TypeScript, and numerous other products, libraries, and frameworks available on the Microsoft GitHub repositories.
Other Microsoft-related announcements in 2016 include SQL Server running on Linux, Microsoft joining the Eclipse Foundation, and the release of Visual Studio Code 1.0 for Linux. Microsoft also announced Windows Server 2016 this year, which features support for Windows Containers (Docker-based; Microsoft has a commercial partnership with Docker). Microsoft also brought support for React Native to Windows (Universal Windows Platform).
5. Big Data
Big Data remains, well, "big," in 2016. In 2016: The Year in Big Data, Tim Spann writes that "2016 has been an interesting year" in which "Big Data got big general interest when various machine learning algorithms were predicting who may become president (and were a bit off)." Spann also writes that 2016 was a year in which Big Data experienced "new advances in tools, an expanded focus on IoT, and new ways of ingesting and manipulating data." The post 5 Leading Developer Stories of 2016 emphasizes, "Big Data's Big Numbers Became Impossible to Ignore in 2016.
4. Cloud Computing
Cloud Computing remained a hot topic in 2016. In the article Why the cloud? In 2016, it was the lure of the new, Eric Knorr writes that "incredible new features all pre-provisioned and waiting for you in the cloud" was the primary reason for enterprises moving to the cloud in 2016. Knorr writes about the cloud offerings' support for machine learning, IoT platforms, serverless computing, and containers management. The IBM blog post The top 10 Thoughts on Cloud articles of 2016, states, "Much of the cloud computing news of 2016 focused on exponential growth in need and demand, which will reach into the following year and beyond."
Related to both Cloud Computing and Big Data is the concept of Fog Computing, which also seems to be slowly gaining momentum in 2016.
3. Microservices
Although I see "Docker", "containers", "Big Data", "Cloud Computing" and similar terms all over the software development blogosphere, I don't think there's a more prevalent topic in that sphere than "microservices." Bilgin Ibryam has written that microservices are a commodity and concludes, "In the Microservices world things are moving from uncharted to industrialized direction. Most of the activities are not that chaotic, uncertain and unpredictable. It is almost turning into a boring and dull activity to plan, design and implement Microservices. And since it is an industrialized job with a low margin, the choice of tool, and ability to swap those platforms plays a significant role."
The microservices architecture approach has been used by enough organizations over enough time now to start sharing lessons learned and best practices. In fact, many of the underlying ideas behind microservices have existed for much longer than the term itself. In the post Working with microservices framework still a challenge in 2016, Tom Nolle writes, "Technology innovation is often hampered by fast-moving waves of hype that confuse senior management with benefit claims that can't be met early in a technology's evolution. Microservices really took off as a concept in 2016 and have been vulnerable to premature expectations." Knoll writes about some positive developments in microservices that helped mitigate this: association with private clouds and with containers and the move toward statelessness in microservices. Knoll also writes about misuse of microservices contributing to a negative experience with them.
Some signs of the increasingly prevalent use of microservices include many corporations adopting the term for their products and services. Other signs include the numerous posts for (mostly) and against (blind) adoption of microservices. These very recently published posts include How can a big enterprise benefit from microservices?, Microservices: Good for Customers, Good for Business, Why Isn't Microservices for Everyone?, Maybe beware of microservices, Why you should adopt a microservices architecture, and Microservices: Not Just for Nerds Anymore.
2. Docker and Containers
Without putting much effort into verifying it, it felt like I could not browse software development headlines on related social media sites such as DZone without seeing at least one (and often many more) story on Docker or other Linux containers. Serdar Yegulalp's InfoWorld article 2016: When Linux containers became mainstream states, "In truth, 2016 wasn't The Year of the Container. That was 2015, when the possibility and promise of containers came along and knocked IT for a loop. But not everyone wanted creative disruption. Many folks wanted dependable, reliable infrastructure, and they saw in containers a method to do so that had never been done before. The good news was that despite all the momentum around containers in 2016, major parts of the ecosystem began to stabilize. The novelty's worn off, but in a good way - it means there's now more attention on how to do containers right, not merely to do them at all."
I have already written in this post about Microsoft's partnership with Docker. Just this month, Docker announced plans to provide its open source "Core Container Runtime" (containerd) to an open source foundation (changing who controls the open source project). Docker Engine releases in 2016 include 1.13.0, 1.12.3, 1.12.2, 1.12.1, 1.12.0 (including built-in orchestration), 1.11.1, 1.11.0, 1.10.3, 1.10.2, 1.10.1, and 1.10.0.
Since my original post, Top Docker Content Of 2016 has been published.
1. Software Security and Software Outages
I really, really wanted to not have this be the #1 software development in 2016 after having a version of this in the top two spots in recent years (2012, 2013, 2014, and 2015). Unfortunately, the events of 2016 made it impossible for me to bump software security related issues from the #1 spot of developments in software development.
The Norton Protection Blog features the post Data Breaches That Made Headlines in 2016. This post references and summarizes several data breaches including the 2012 LinkedIn breach (117 million released sensitive credentials in 2016), 2012 DropBox breach (68 million credentials exposed in 2016), and the 2013 Yahoo! breach (1 billion accounts breached). In the post Yahoo Announces Breach of One Billion Accounts, Nadia Kovacs writes, "2016 seems to be the year of the 'mega-breach' with us reporting on eight major breaches involving well-known companies. Big data is big money for attackers, so they set their sights on companies that tend to hold large amounts of personally identifiable data on their customers." It's interesting that the three large breaches I referenced actually occurred in previous years, but the magnitude of the breaches was discovered with release of the sensitive data in 2016.
Even the products intended to aid in efforts to secure software and data had their own vulnerabilities exposed in 2016. For example, Google Found Disastrous Symantec and Norton Vulnerabilities That Are 'As Bad As It Gets', Kernel Information Leak & Multiple DOS Issues Within Kaspersky Internet Security Suite, and vulnerabilities associated with a system running Intel's McAfee VirusScan Enterprise for Linux.
Issues related to software security played a role in the already strange presidential election in the United States in 2016. Allegations of mishandling of e-mail messages that were potentially made more vulnerable by being on the candidate's own server led to an FBI investigation and pestered a candidate throughout the election. The hacking and exposing of sensitive and sometimes highly opinionated e-mail messages of Democratic National Committee members with some "uncomfortable disclosures" also played out during the election year. There have also been allegations of large-scale hacking of the votes counting. The article US recounts find no evidence of hacking in Trump win but reveal vulnerabilities states that this probably did not occur, but warns that "we found that hacking an election in the US for president would be even easier than I thought." It has also been suggested that cyber attacks were levied against previous elections.
On top of all this, increased hacking of mobile telephones and devices continued with stories such as Android bug fear in 900 million phones. Many end-users were impacted worldwide by the network outages and network congestion caused at least in part to hacked Internet of Things (IoT) devices. Bruce Schneier has written this year that Someone Is Learning How to Take Down the Internet.
The CRN slideshow The 10 Biggest Security Stories Of 2016 starts on the first slide, "Every year, cybersecurity continues to play an even bigger role in both business and consumer decisions. In 2016, new issues around the election, public-private tug of wars over encryption technologies and major attacks brought security even further into the forefront than in years past." That slideshow also references the U.S. presidential election, the Yahoo! breach, and the distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack on Dyn as most significant security stories in 2016.
Fahmida Y. Rashid's recent InfoWorld article asks, "Do developers really care about security?" We obviously need to care. I would love to see Software Security not be my #1 development in software development in 2017 and not even be in my top ten, but it's difficult for me to see that happening.
Honorable Mention
The following did not make my top ten, but nevertheless saw major developments in 2016.
Apache NetBeans
Oracle has turned over the freely available open source Java IDE NetBeans to the Apache Software Foundation and NetBeans is now in the Apache Incubator.
Javaslang
Interest in Javaslang seems to have really take off in 2016, probably at least in part due to the increased adoption of Java 8 in 2016. Javaslang is a "functional library for Java 8+" that aims to "reduce the amount of code" and increase "robustness." It provides an Option that is richer than Java 8's Optional and provides "immutable collections and the necessary functions and control structures to operate on these values." A nice introduction to Javaslang can be found in Eugen Paraschiv's Baeldung post Introduction to Javaslang Vavr.
Kotlin
There's no shortage of programming languages targeting the Java Virtual Machine as their runtime and some of them (Scala, Groovy, Clojure, Ceylon etc.) seem to have found success with JVM developers. Without any empirical basis for it, my feeling is that Kotlin may have enjoyed the most coverage and percentage rise in adoption in 2016. This could just be perspective, but JetBrains' purchasing of advertisements on key software development web sites and evangelism of its employees and fans/customers seem to have contributed to Kotlin being mentioned time and time again on the software development sites (especially those with JVM focus).
Kotlin's main page describes it as a "statically typed programming language for the JVM, Android and the browser" that is "100% interoperable with Java." Kotlin 1.0 was released in February of this year and 2016 has seen later releases of Kotlin (1.0.6, 1.0.5, 1.0.4, 1.0.3, 1.0.2, 1.0.1, and several 1.1 milestone releases).
Gradle Script Kotlin was introduced this year and it was announced that Kotlin scripting support would be included with Gradle 3.0 (see status update). The driving factor for Gradle transitioning from Groovy to Kotlin as the primary build script language appears to be the ability of IDEs to better support a statically typed language. A Kotlin NetBeans plugin was also released in 2016.
Since my publishing of this post, it was announced that Spring 5 will support Kotlin.
Gradle
2016 saw the release of Gradle 3.0 as well as the introduction of Gradle Script Kotlin. Gradle Build Scans (cloud-based "shareable and centralized record of a build that provides insights into what happened and why") were also announced at the 2016 Gradle Summit as the first offering of Gradle Cloud Services.
Scala
Scala 2.12.0 (and Scala 2.12.1) was released in 2016 with the Scala 2.12 compiler "completely overhauled to make use of the new VM features available in Java 8." Scala 2.12 requires JVM 8 runtime because "Scala 2.12 is all about making optimal use of Java 8's new features." A less rosy outlook on Scala 2.12 can be found in the post New Scala Release Falls flat.
The Scala Center at EPFL was announced in 2016 as "an open source foundation for Scala" that "will engage with developers in the open-source community in the effort to improve the language, its tools and its documentation" and "will also help developers learn the language through massive open online courses, seminars and other activities."
PHP
Although PHP 7 was technically released in late 2015, it is 2016 that began to see significant adoption of PHP 7. Prateek Tiwari has writes that PHP 7 brings "a new revolution in web development" and Zend's page states, "PHP 7 makes powering the web a whole lot better."
C++
I don't actively develop with C++ anymore, but do find it interesting to see what's happening in that still very active world from time-to-time. Bartlomiej Filipek has posted C++ Status at the end of 2016.
Fragility of Open Source
Like me, most developers I know are generally positive about open source and the possibilities it enables. We have benefited numerous times from a wide variety of open source products. However, nothing is perfect and open source has its own issues. We were reminded of this somewhat dramatically in 2016 when Azer Koçulu liberated all of his modules from NPM after a trademark dispute over kik (now known as hek). It was actually unpublishing of left-pad from NPM that caused the ruckus.
There was controversy surrounding the widely used FindBugs in 2016 as well. In the post Where FindBugs Failed, Nicolai Parlog writes that some of the contributors to FindBugs forked the project as SpotBugs. As of this writing, the main FindBugs page states, "The current version of FindBugs is 3.0.1, released on 13:05:33 EST, 06 March, 2015."
Simon Phipps's article Uproar: MariaDB Corp. veers away from open source talks about MariaDB taking MaxScale from open source to proprietary via a "Business Source License."
One interesting note about these stories related to open source issues is that each of these has been addressed through steps that take advantage of the code in question being open source. Because these projects were open source, others in the community were able to fork the projects when they did not like their direction or replace the essential code when removed code broke things.
StackOverflow Documentation
StackOverflow Documentation premiered in 2016 and is described as "community-curated, example-focused developer documentation, based on the principles of Stack Overflow." As I wrote in my post Will StackOverflow Documentation Realize Its Lofty Goal?, time will tell if this will have anywhere near the effect on software development that StackOverflow has had.
C# / .NET
.NET Core was released in 2016. The .NET Blog post Announcing .NET Core 1.0 describes .NET Core as "a cross-platform, open source, and modular .NET platform for creating modern web apps, microservices, libraries and console applications" that is "available on Windows, OS X and Linux!"
There is a decent chance that C# 7.0 will place C# on my Top Ten list at this time next year. Many of the features of the forthcoming C# 7.0 are available now in Visual Studio "15" Preview 4, released in August 2016. Numerous articles in late 2016 have pointed to C# 7.0 and include What's New in C# 7.0, C# 7 - What to Expect, and New Features in C# 7. VisualStudio 2017 is also forthcoming.
Python
Python 3.6.0 was released in late 2016 as was Python 2.7.13. The Python repository moved to GitHub instead of GitLab in 2016. Much more detailed information on Python in 2016 can be found in Dibya Chakravorty's post Python year in review 2016. I have been watching from time to time the debate about Python 2.x versus Python 3.x in attempt to learn lessons from breaking backwards compatibility and found it interesting in Chakravorty's post that the following was stated, "The debate between Python 2 and 3 is never ending, but the PSF had declared that Python 2.7 will reach end of life in 2020."
Responsive Web Design
The concept of "responsive web design" has been around for a while, but seemed to gain even more traction in 2016, perhaps in part because of Google's efforts to use it and evangelize it. Although 2013 has been declared the year of responsive web design, the years since seem to have continued to see it as a popular concept for dealing with multiple client types.
Progressive Web Apps
There's been a lot of buzz out of Google about progressive web apps. The author of the post What are Progressive Web Apps? opens that post with the only slightly exaggerated, "By now, you’ve probably heard that Progressive Web Apps are the future of all mankind. They’ll bring world peace, end hunger, save the rainbows and unicorns, bring balance to the force, and a whole lot more. In the process, they might even push the mobile web forward, bring parity to web and native apps, and help mobile developers reach more users beyond the confines of the app stores." That same post provides more clarification of progressive web apps, "On the whole, Progressive Web Apps describe a collection of technologies, design concepts, and Web APIs that work in tandem to provide an app-like experience on the mobile web."
The term "progressive web apps" was coined in 2015 and has rapidly generated excitement in the web app development community in 2016.
JavaScript
JavaScript continues to be a widely used language, in large part because of its ability to run in web browsers (and on mobile devices) and on the server. Craig Buckler has written in the post JavaScript: 2016 in Review and concludes, "it's increasingly difficult to keep pace with the latest trends, frameworks and recommendations. Developers struggle when faced with a plethora of options to evaluate. My advice: don’t try to keep up. It's impossible. Whatever system you bet on today will be superseded by something better tomorrow. ... There's only one absolute certainty: JavaScript itself. Learn the language first and keep building on your knowledge. Your experience will help you understand how each framework operates so you can make an informed choice. That choice may be to forego frameworks altogether." This quote tells how far JavaScript has come; the last thing I would have wanted to do when starting with JavaScript many years ago was to use it without a framework to hide all of the idiosyncrasies and corners of the browser DOMs.
JS Foundation
The JS Foundation was formed in 2016 as a Linux Foundation Project "to drive broad adoption and ongoing development of key JavaScript solutions and related technologies." In an example of rebranding (see item below for other rebranding efforts in 2016), the JS Foundation was created from the jQuery Foundation.
React and React Native
Although JavaScript, like Java and other programming languages, seems to have countless frameworks, React seems to me to be the one getting the most attention in the JavaScript community when not counting Angular. The project facebook/react currently has a very slight edge over angular/angular.js in terms of stars rating on GitHub.
In April of this year, the Facebook post React Native: A year in review celebrated "one year since [Facebook] open-sourced React Native." The post Facebook Open Source 2016 year in review celebrates the rapid adoption of React and Native React.
In December 2016, Oculus Connect 3 introduced "the React VR Pre-Release" based on React and React Native.
Software Development Tools Companies' Rebranding
2016 seems to be another Year of Rebranding for many software development tools makers and continues the trend from 2015:
- JetBrains rebranded in late 2015: "The Drive to Develop"
- TypeSafe became Lightbend
- Takipi became OverOps
- Mozilla is "branding without walls" (open rebranding with new brand to be announced in January 2017)
- Puppet Rebrand
Rust
Although Rust 1.0 was released in mid-2015, 2016 was another year in which it saw increased popularity and made many "trendy" languages lists. The Rust programming language is defined on its home page as "a systems programming language that runs blazingly fast, prevents segfaults, and guarantees thread safety." Its most recent version, 1.14.0, was released just days ago in late 2016, but the year also saw several other releases: 1.13.0, 1.12.1, 1.12.0, 1.11.0, 1.10.0, 1.9.0, 1.8.0, 1.7.0, and 1.6.0 (releases 1.0.0 through 1.5.0 were released in 2015). The "preferred tool for installing Rust" (rustup 1.0.0) was released in late 2016.
One of the key highlights of the "Stack Overflow Developer Survey Results 2016" is, "Developers love Rust." The survey found Rust to rank highest of the programming languages in terms of "most loved" with 79.1%. The Charlie Crawford post How Rust Compares to Other Programming Languages states that Rust is "safer than C/C++" and "more sophisticated than Go." Rachel Roumeliotis writes in Hot programming trends in 2016 that Rust is one of "five languages are on the verge of making it into the big time [this year]." Rust has been named one of Davide Aversa's Most Promising Programming Languages of 2017 and Kyle Prinsloo recommends it as one of the Top Programming Languages to Learn in 2017.
The State of Rust Survey 2016 highlights some of Rust's wins and some things that need to be improved. A book on Rust was published in 2015 and two more are scheduled for 2017. The O'Reilly e-book Why Rust? can currently be downloaded in PDF.
Swift
2016 was a big year for the Swift programming language with the biggest news perhaps being the release of Swift 3.0 (noted as the "first major release of Swift since it was open-sourced", which was one of Swift's major 2015 happenings). Reddit user lkraider describes Swift 3 as "basically the first usable version of the language, applicable from mobile to backend dev." Ted Neward has written about the struggles of updating from Swift 1 to Swift 2 to Swift 3 due to backwards source incompatibility.
Swift was the second "most loved" language (after Rust) in the StackOverflow Developer Survey Results 2016 (it was "most loved" in 2015). Given the target environments for Swift (macOS, iOS, watchOS and tvOS) and without even considering the language's virtues, it's not surprising that it's one of the most commonly used programming languages.
Go
On the Tiobe Index, "Google's Go is TIOBE's programming language of 2016." In other words, Tiobe found that Go was "the programming language that has gained the most popularity" in 2016. Go ended the year in the 13th overall popularity spot with familiar languages such as Java, C/C++/C#, Python, JavaScript, Perl, and PHP still ahead of it overall. The Tiobe page provides explanations for Go's rise in popularity: "The main drivers behind Go's success are its ease of learning and pragmatic nature. It is ... about hands-on experience [and] Go has built-in support for concurrency programming. More and more customers of our company TIOBE are adopting Go in an industrial setting." Of course, everyone has their own definition of how to measure language popularity. Tiobe's site explains their methodology at a high level.
2016 included the seventh anniversary of the "preliminary sketch of Go" being open sourced and the Seven years of Go blog post summarizes some of Go's biggest happenings in 2016. One of these developments was the release of Go 1.7.
Conclusion
Much has happened in the world of software development in 2016. In this post, I have looked at a small subset of these developments. I may add a few more honorable mention items in the next week or two, but wanted to get this published while still in 2016.
